{"id":162203,"date":"2023-10-19T08:00:38","date_gmt":"2023-10-19T06:00:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/?p=162203"},"modified":"2025-05-04T19:23:42","modified_gmt":"2025-05-04T17:23:42","slug":"how-to-quote-correctly","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/en\/blog\/how-to-quote-correctly\/","title":{"rendered":"How to quote correctly: All information on citation styles &#038; source references at a glance"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id='av-layout-grid-1'  class='av-layout-grid-container av-78firl-c631ae41a668636fcb7900020bc361a5 entry-content-wrapper main_color av-flex-cells av-break-at-tablet  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_section  avia-builder-el-first   container_wrap sidebar_right'  >\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-6bd3tt-8ebeb6a2c966bcb49adeae64b94c7b77\">\n.flex_cell.av-6bd3tt-8ebeb6a2c966bcb49adeae64b94c7b77{\nvertical-align:top;\nbackground:url(https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/STUWO-Richtig-Zitieren-1030x687.jpg) 50% 0% no-repeat scroll ;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_cell.av-6bd3tt-8ebeb6a2c966bcb49adeae64b94c7b77{\npadding:30px 30px 30px 30px !important;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_cell av-6bd3tt-8ebeb6a2c966bcb49adeae64b94c7b77 av-gridrow-cell av_one_half no_margin  avia-builder-el-1  el_before_av_cell_one_half  avia-builder-el-first  avia-full-stretch'  ><div class='flex_cell_inner'><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-jtogly79-a89aae1a7debf9f0a9a3fc1437fa16c5\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-jtogly79-a89aae1a7debf9f0a9a3fc1437fa16c5{\nheight:250px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-jtogly79-a89aae1a7debf9f0a9a3fc1437fa16c5 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-2  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first  av-desktop-hide av-medium-hide'><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-jtogly79-143-b47e668a1d8abbf985b2d1fc857be2e1\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-jtogly79-143-b47e668a1d8abbf985b2d1fc857be2e1{\nheight:350px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-jtogly79-143-b47e668a1d8abbf985b2d1fc857be2e1 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-3  el_after_av_hr  avia-builder-el-last  av-small-hide av-mini-hide'><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-dyhr5-99927f5945708bf13e84cb9abee7d045\">\n.flex_cell.av-dyhr5-99927f5945708bf13e84cb9abee7d045{\nvertical-align:top;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_cell.av-dyhr5-99927f5945708bf13e84cb9abee7d045{\npadding:30px 30px 30px 30px !important;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_cell av-dyhr5-99927f5945708bf13e84cb9abee7d045 av-gridrow-cell av_one_half no_margin  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_cell_one_half  avia-builder-el-last '  ><div class='flex_cell_inner'><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-8nhdgjz-770e73e94028012a7d2589342df25b22\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-8nhdgjz-770e73e94028012a7d2589342df25b22{\npadding-bottom:0;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-8nhdgjz-770e73e94028012a7d2589342df25b22 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-8nhdgjz-770e73e94028012a7d2589342df25b22 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-8nhdgjz-770e73e94028012a7d2589342df25b22 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-5  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >How to quote correctly: All information on citation styles <span class='special_amp'>&amp;<\/span> source references at a glance<\/h1><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-jtogly79-142-f7a7a47530999d0dd42812f65b926fed\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-jtogly79-142-f7a7a47530999d0dd42812f65b926fed{\nheight:5px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-jtogly79-142-f7a7a47530999d0dd42812f65b926fed hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_heading  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-jtjtmedc-60e184750e6b45c708cf141ffed4fcc9 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Written by<strong> Kerstin Lakits, Oct 19, 2023<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<div class='flex_column_table av-bbw9h-e9ea24d4a9970947ae9a10c1728f5755 sc-av_one_full av-break-at-tablet-flextable av-equal-height-column-flextable'>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-bbw9h-e9ea24d4a9970947ae9a10c1728f5755\">\n#top .flex_column_table.av-equal-height-column-flextable.av-bbw9h-e9ea24d4a9970947ae9a10c1728f5755{\nmargin-top:15px;\nmargin-bottom:0px;\n}\n.flex_column.av-bbw9h-e9ea24d4a9970947ae9a10c1728f5755{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-bbw9h-e9ea24d4a9970947ae9a10c1728f5755 av_one_full  avia-builder-el-8  el_after_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-last  first av-break-at-tablet flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-top av-zero-column-padding  column-top-margin'     ><p><section  class='av_textblock_section av-jtjtmedc-141-d3203981b0303ae16cf6959492b1eb1d '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Your first academic or seminar paper is coming up, maybe you are already working on your bachelor or master thesis. No matter which kind of academic paper you\u2019re writing, quoting is an essential part of any scientific work and the groundwork for academic writing. Citing and quoting correctly is key! Sometimes the different guidelines can be confusing; therefore, we\u2019ve created a simple guide to give you an overview of the most common citation rules. This way you\u2019ll always quote correctly!<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-lth33pwx-e8cc01a4adb18f536d5f06b5b164e5de '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>Table of content:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#What is a quotation &amp; why is correct citing important?\">What is a quotation &amp; why is correct citing important?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Types of sources: Books, Internet sources &amp; more\">Types of sources: Books, Internet sources &amp; more<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Types of quotations: Quotations vs. Citations\">Types of quotations: Quotations vs. Citations<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Types of references: Where to properly place the quotation?\">Types of references: Where to properly place the quotation?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Common citation styles: APA, Harvard &amp; Chicago Manual of Style\">Common citation styles: APA, Harvard &amp; Chicago Manual of Style<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Overview: Key abbreviations\">Overview: Key abbreviations<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Avoiding plagiarism: What to keep in mind?\">Avoiding plagiarism: What to keep in mind?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#How to quote: STUWO bonus tips\">How to quote: STUWO bonus tips<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div><\/div><!--close column table wrapper. Autoclose: 1 --><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id='av_section_1'  class='avia-section av-73734u-e654b2f47cc625f39101c2a047ce5327 main_color avia-section-default avia-shadow  avia-builder-el-11  el_after_av_layout_row  el_before_av_section  avia-bg-style-scroll container_wrap sidebar_right'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-small alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-162203'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-f7w8wuv-a5d5dfb3734c0ecec78c4948e0d049e9\">\n.flex_column.av-f7w8wuv-a5d5dfb3734c0ecec78c4948e0d049e9{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-f7w8wuv-a5d5dfb3734c0ecec78c4948e0d049e9 av_one_full  avia-builder-el-12  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-kx4lonww-6efec1e1ff464548e0b81d5c8056bad3 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 id=\"What is a quotation &amp; why is correct citing important?\">What is a quotation &amp; why is correct citing important?<\/h2>\n<p>A quote is a\u00a0<strong>literal or in terms of content copied text passage<\/strong>\u00a0from another academic work and refers to this\u00a0<strong>external textual source<\/strong>. This basically means that you have to indicate every thought, theory or statement that isn\u2019t yours as a quote. Quoting and citing is essential in academic writing because it allows your readers to retrace your train of thoughts, find and read the sources you used.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><div  class='hr av-lnoke2ts-fa8e6ed084018577928b9b75a18d5a60 hr-short  avia-builder-el-14  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_one_half  hr-left'><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div class='flex_column_table av-6kn5ly-97d7b0311ea64352f2c5408ed97957c0 sc-av_one_half av-equal-height-column-flextable'>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-6kn5ly-97d7b0311ea64352f2c5408ed97957c0\">\n.flex_column.av-6kn5ly-97d7b0311ea64352f2c5408ed97957c0{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 30px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-6kn5ly-97d7b0311ea64352f2c5408ed97957c0 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-15  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_one_half  first flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-middle  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-60022e-3056b2e5cc65feac7318f4cf52b2daee '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 id=\"Types of sources: Books, Internet sources &amp; more\">Types of sources: Books, Internet sources &amp; more<\/h2>\n<p>There are many different kinds of sources and how to cite them correctly depends heavily on the type of source. Therefore, we will show you a few sources that are used a lot for quotations and citations.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A\u00a0<strong>monographic book<\/strong>is a\u00a0<strong>scientific solo work<\/strong>. So, there is one book on a specific topic.<\/li>\n<li>An\u00a0<strong>edited book<\/strong>is a collaboration of a few scientists that write\u00a0<strong>articles<\/strong>\u00a0for an overarching topic. Usually one or two editors publish the book under their names.<\/li>\n<li>A\u00a0<strong>journal<\/strong>is a periodical scientific journal, in which scientists of a field publish\u00a0<strong>studies, analysis and articles<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Online sources <\/strong>are not a separate kind of source and are not very welcome in scientific work. If you find one of the above-mentioned sources, you can still use it because you will apply the citation guidelines and then add the hyperlink or DOI.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kwdh2d3p-52b6871bb52c59c7d82f2cfe7869c598\">\n.avia-image-container.av-kwdh2d3p-52b6871bb52c59c7d82f2cfe7869c598 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-kwdh2d3p-52b6871bb52c59c7d82f2cfe7869c598 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-kwdh2d3p-52b6871bb52c59c7d82f2cfe7869c598 av-styling- avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-17  el_after_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-last  av-desktop-hide av-medium-hide av-has-copyright av-copyright-always'   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-162197 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-162197 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/STUWO-Zitate-1030x687.jpg\" alt='' title='STUWO Zitate'  height=\"687\" width=\"1030\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/STUWO-Zitate-1030x687.jpg 1030w, https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/STUWO-Zitate-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/STUWO-Zitate-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/STUWO-Zitate-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/STUWO-Zitate-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/STUWO-Zitate-1500x1000.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/STUWO-Zitate-705x470.jpg 705w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1030px) 100vw, 1030px\" \/><\/div><small class=\"avia-copyright\">Citing is less complicated than it seems \u2013 follow the rules, and you\u2019ll be just fine! \u00a9Adobe Stock<\/small><\/div><\/div><\/p><\/div><div class='av-flex-placeholder'><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-6kn5ly-139-499a837d71be747a71d487dac91b3c60\">\n.flex_column.av-6kn5ly-139-499a837d71be747a71d487dac91b3c60{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 30px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-6kn5ly-139-499a837d71be747a71d487dac91b3c60 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-18  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_hr  flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-middle  '     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kwdh2d3p-138-c31aaf093482edf21ad4bf8d165e1ad9\">\n.avia-image-container.av-kwdh2d3p-138-c31aaf093482edf21ad4bf8d165e1ad9 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-kwdh2d3p-138-c31aaf093482edf21ad4bf8d165e1ad9 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-kwdh2d3p-138-c31aaf093482edf21ad4bf8d165e1ad9 av-styling- avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-19  avia-builder-el-no-sibling  av-small-hide av-mini-hide av-has-copyright av-copyright-always'   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-162197 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-162197 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/STUWO-Zitate-845x684.jpg\" alt='' title='STUWO Zitate'  height=\"684\" width=\"845\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/STUWO-Zitate-845x684.jpg 845w, https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/STUWO-Zitate-495x400.jpg 495w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\" \/><\/div><small class=\"avia-copyright\">Citing is less complicated than it seems \u2013 follow the rules, and you\u2019ll be just fine! \u00a9Adobe Stock<\/small><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><!--close column table wrapper. Autoclose: 1 --><div  class='hr av-fhtn5dhr-c9517d02c76fba155c0bc81c28a45ce8 hr-short  avia-builder-el-20  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_full  hr-left'><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-16whw2f-87a7adb7c42e32077a857bbc2a1ca7ef\">\n.flex_column.av-16whw2f-87a7adb7c42e32077a857bbc2a1ca7ef{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-16whw2f-87a7adb7c42e32077a857bbc2a1ca7ef av_one_full  avia-builder-el-21  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_one_full  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-kx4lonww-140-fe20e1222d608195db4379a8f7ca8db6 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 id=\"Types of quotations: Quotations vs. Citations\">Types of quotations: Quotations vs. Citations<\/h2>\n<p>There are two ways of referencing ideas of a third party, which must be signalled differently according to the citation style you use. So, first we will explain the differences between quotations and citations. You will find concrete examples for each citation style in the according section.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-fergrle7-acf74c526c07c977e6cbd44ffcc40308\">\n.flex_column.av-fergrle7-acf74c526c07c977e6cbd44ffcc40308{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-fergrle7-acf74c526c07c977e6cbd44ffcc40308 av_one_full  avia-builder-el-23  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_one_full  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  column-top-margin'     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-lnokeu7c-59584e8a5ed4c5987ff6cd068975c8ac '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h3>Quotations<\/h3>\n<p>If you\u00a0<strong>quote<\/strong>\u00a0a passage, then you\u00a0<strong>copy the text word for word<\/strong>\u00a0from a different academic work. You have to mark this literal quote with\u00a0<strong>quotation marks<\/strong>. If the quotation has\u00a0<strong>more than 40 words<\/strong>, then it has to be formatted as a\u00a0<strong>block quotation<\/strong>. Depending on the citation style, you have to\u00a0<strong>indent<\/strong>\u00a0the quote some centimetres and this way the quotation is optically different from the rest of the text.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-f7a24cy7-64dd519eea0ffb9cb46f3b12811bea4d\">\n.flex_column.av-f7a24cy7-64dd519eea0ffb9cb46f3b12811bea4d{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-f7a24cy7-64dd519eea0ffb9cb46f3b12811bea4d av_one_full  avia-builder-el-25  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_hr  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  column-top-margin'     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-lnokf6s9-2325642bcb3974d7b1c21416f686b973 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h3>Citations<\/h3>\n<p>Citations use the <strong>content from another academic work<\/strong>. So, you don\u2019t use the same exact words, but explain the content in your own words. Citations, also called paraphrases, don\u2019t require quotation marks, but you have to refer to the source.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><div  class='hr av-67ddri-41246adb82eb20f9271331161b8c66cb hr-short  avia-builder-el-27  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_one_half  hr-left'><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div class='flex_column_table av-6kn5ly-136-de3653420319b49b4f149625974952ea sc-av_one_half av-equal-height-column-flextable'>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-6kn5ly-136-de3653420319b49b4f149625974952ea\">\n.flex_column.av-6kn5ly-136-de3653420319b49b4f149625974952ea{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 30px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-6kn5ly-136-de3653420319b49b4f149625974952ea av_one_half  avia-builder-el-28  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_one_half  first flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-middle  '     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kwdh2d3p-135-809ae80901eb55cb4c97db4efafc1c5b\">\n.avia-image-container.av-kwdh2d3p-135-809ae80901eb55cb4c97db4efafc1c5b img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-kwdh2d3p-135-809ae80901eb55cb4c97db4efafc1c5b .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-kwdh2d3p-135-809ae80901eb55cb4c97db4efafc1c5b av-styling- avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-29  avia-builder-el-no-sibling  av-small-hide av-mini-hide av-has-copyright av-copyright-always'   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-162200 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-162200 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/STUWO-Zitierweisen-845x684.jpg\" alt='' title='STUWO Zitierweisen'  height=\"684\" width=\"845\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/STUWO-Zitierweisen-845x684.jpg 845w, https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/STUWO-Zitierweisen-495x400.jpg 495w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\" \/><\/div><small class=\"avia-copyright\">Always jot down your sources right after you use them\u2014it\u2019s much more work to do it later! \u00a9Adobe Stock<\/small><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class='av-flex-placeholder'><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-6kn5ly-133-95401b9adc39bd2bd833848390e65316\">\n.flex_column.av-6kn5ly-133-95401b9adc39bd2bd833848390e65316{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 30px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-6kn5ly-133-95401b9adc39bd2bd833848390e65316 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-30  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_hr  flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-middle  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-60022e-137-54721638e6d74a60ed82e44105a4932e '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 id=\"Types of references: Where to properly place the quotation?\">Types of references: Where to properly place the quotation?<\/h2>\n<p>There are two types of references, namely\u00a0<strong>in-text citations<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>references<\/strong>\u00a0for the reference list. In-text citations are used to indicate the source of a quotation or citation. In the reference list, you name all the bibliographic information for every academic work that you used in your paper. This way, anyone who reads your paper can understand where you used which sources and which academic works they are.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ma9x6w0e-6401a7553c6e525ce3ac20ec7a72585b\">\n.avia-image-container.av-ma9x6w0e-6401a7553c6e525ce3ac20ec7a72585b img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-ma9x6w0e-6401a7553c6e525ce3ac20ec7a72585b .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-ma9x6w0e-6401a7553c6e525ce3ac20ec7a72585b av-styling- avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-32  el_after_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-last  av-desktop-hide av-medium-hide av-has-copyright av-copyright-always'   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-162200 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-162200 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/STUWO-Zitierweisen-845x684.jpg\" alt='' title='STUWO Zitierweisen'  height=\"684\" width=\"845\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/STUWO-Zitierweisen-845x684.jpg 845w, https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/STUWO-Zitierweisen-495x400.jpg 495w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\" \/><\/div><small class=\"avia-copyright\">Always jot down your sources right after you use them\u2014it\u2019s much more work to do it later! \u00a9Adobe Stock<\/small><\/div><\/div><\/p><\/div><\/div><!--close column table wrapper. Autoclose: 1 -->\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-lnol1st6-9c3f47552f8be177e690a530fe7665e6\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-lnol1st6-9c3f47552f8be177e690a530fe7665e6{\nheight:50px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-lnol1st6-9c3f47552f8be177e690a530fe7665e6 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-33  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-jy4ae4sq-6ab8a152f2767636b4ec976215df964a '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h3>In-text citations<\/h3>\n<p>In your text, you mark <strong>quotations and citations<\/strong> with so-called in-text citations. These in-text citations allow your readers to understand where you got that passage from and to find your sources in the references list. In-text citations vary according to the citation style. We will explain in-text citations for the APA method, the Harvard style and Chicago Manual of Style later on.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-lnokg0ng-bd3342bfbb9da0e3c8956ac93e43ac4c '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h3>References<\/h3>\n<p>The references list is placed at the end of your work and lists all the sources you used in alphabetical order by author. You include all the <strong>bibliographic information<\/strong> (authors, title, year of publication, publisher, publisher\u2019s city; possibly editors, journal, anthology, hyperlink, DOI) of each source. In the according sections, we will show you what references should look like in the APA method, the Harvard style or Chicago Manual of Style.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-lnokgajr-1b0b3ab328f84bff38e23db9241539d4 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h3>Quotation within a quotation<\/h3>\n<p>A quotation within a quotation means that the passage you are quoting <strong>already contains a quote.<\/strong> You need to quote the passage as usual with quotation marks (\u201c\u201d) and an in-text citation (according to the citation style). The quote within your passage must be marked with single quotation marks (\u2018\u2019). The in-text citation for the quote within the quote is already included in the passage. Here is an example:<\/p>\n<p>\u201cYou must always indicate all your sources correctly, even if you use an \u2018indirect citation\u2019 (Kaspar, 1999) in your text.\u201d (Hauser, 2001)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-lnokgme9-db4fc1deeee8783ffd3c0e6a08370bbb '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h3>Secondary referencing: indirect citation<\/h3>\n<p>Secondary referencing means that you do <strong>not cite the primary source, but a secondary source<\/strong> that cites the primary source. For example: You are reading a work by Smith 2020, who cites Johnson 2019. You want to use Johnson\u2019s idea that Smith talks about without having to read Johnson\u2019s book. Then you can cite Johnson\u2019s ideas in Smith\u2019s book by adding \u201cas cited in\u201d to the in-text citation. It should be: Johnson 2019 as cited in Smith 2020.<\/p>\n<p>Attention: All citation guides and academic institutions caution you to use indirect citation sparingly. You should only use them if the source is no longer in print, unavailable or in a language you don\u2019t understand.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-67ddri-134-edeb0f1505c155355e9f26de0082632c hr-short  avia-builder-el-38  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock  hr-left'><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-jy4ae4sq-132-af6c3d8c7c7c61e22b23638b32643da6 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 id=\"Common citation styles: APA, Harvard &amp; Chicago Manual of Style\">Common citation styles: APA, Harvard &amp; Chicago Manual of Style<\/h2>\n<p>There are many different citations styles published by universities and institutions. Many faculties and university centres follow the most common citation styles with small changes or special requirements. Therefore, you should find out\u00a0<strong>which citation rules are used in your field of study\u00a0<\/strong>and follow those. Nevertheless, we will show you the three most important citation styles \u2013 namely the APA method, the Harvard style and the Chicago Manual of Style \u2013 so that you can get a good picture of how it should look.<\/p>\n<p><strong>STUWO tip<\/strong>: We recommend you ask your teacher or supervisor which citation style you should use in your work before you start your writing project.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-67ddri-131-13bb24ce037ab52c3dd393c73909e7fd hr-short  avia-builder-el-40  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_one_full  hr-left'><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div  class='flex_column av-f3qjsavj-7e50a8e596918f74c6609b38bf13c820 av_one_full  avia-builder-el-41  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_hr  first flex_column_div  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-jy4ae4sq-130-6bf0655f351ff0ef34b56fc0edda3df2 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h3>APA style<\/h3>\n<p>Originally developed for academic papers in the field of psychology, the <a href=\"https:\/\/apastyle.apa.org\/style-grammar-guidelines\/references\/examples#textual-works\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">citation style of the American Psychology Association<\/a> (APA) is used in many different fields and is one of the most common citation styles.<\/p>\n<p><strong>In your text<\/strong>, you use parenthetical citations to refer to the source. It doesn\u2019t matter what kind of source it is. The author\u2019s surname and the year of publication are sufficient for <strong>citations<\/strong>. For <strong>quotations<\/strong> you need to add the page number. In the <strong>reference list<\/strong>, you have to identify the type of source and adapt the citation style accordingly.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<div class='avia-data-table-wrap av-f1bcz1n3-1d4407ea960a945f985208b47738f95f avia_responsive_table avia-table-1'><table  class='avia-table avia-data-table avia_pricing_default  avia-builder-el-43  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Table\" ><tbody><tr class='avia-heading-row'><th class='avia-highlight-col'>Source<\/th><th class='avia-highlight-col'>In-text (citation)<\/th><th class='avia-highlight-col'>In-text (quotation)<\/th><th class='avia-highlight-col'>Reference (reference list)<\/th><\/tr><tr class=''><td class='avia-highlight-col'>Book, monography<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>(Last name, year of publication)<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>(Last name, year of publication, page number)<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>Last name, Initials (publication year). <i>Title. Subtitle.<\/i> (edition). Publisher.<\/td><\/tr><tr class=''><td class='avia-highlight-col'>Chapter or part of an edited book<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>(Last name, year of publication)<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>(Last name, year of publication, page number)<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>Last name, initials (publication year). Title. Subtitle. In: editor\u2019s initial and last name (Ed.), <i>Title of the book<\/i> (pages). Publisher.<\/td><\/tr><tr class=''><td class='avia-highlight-col'>Journal article<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>(Last name, year of publication)<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>(Last name, year of publication, page number)<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>Last name, initials (publication year): Title. <i>Name of the journal<\/i>, volume number (issue), page number. DOI<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><style type='text\/css'>.avia-table-1 td:nth-of-type(1):before { content: 'Source'; } .avia-table-1 td:nth-of-type(2):before { content: 'In-text (citation)'; } .avia-table-1 td:nth-of-type(3):before { content: 'In-text (quotation)'; } .avia-table-1 td:nth-of-type(4):before { content: 'Reference (reference list)'; } <\/style><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-lnokmrie-1807cd13194393163aedc9d029c29a57 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Here are some examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reference (reference list): Thaine, Craig (2012). <em>Cambridge Academic English<\/em> (1st\u00a0ed.). Klett.<\/li>\n<li>In-text (quotation): (Thaine, 2012, p.13)<\/li>\n<li>In-text (citation): (Thaine, 2012)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div><div  class='hr av-cd36bpn3-92dfb229e164d94af8b6c59c03dcaf68 hr-short  avia-builder-el-45  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_one_full  hr-left'><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div  class='flex_column av-c7vxhyj3-98fa6bd4ccf72cb3be4ba8a39611fde6 av_one_full  avia-builder-el-46  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_hr  first flex_column_div  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-lnokna5p-fe6154d56d3d56ce0ad4cadbdb64e8a2 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h3>Harvard Citation Style<\/h3>\n<p>The Harvard citation style, also called American citation style, is a widespread citation style. It is mainly used in economic and social studies as well as in the Anglo-American community.<\/p>\n<p>In your text, you indicate all types of sources in parenthesis. For <strong>citations<\/strong>, you need to mention the author\u2019s name and year of publication. For <strong>quotes,<\/strong> you additionally indicate the page number. In your <strong>list of references<\/strong>, you need to differentiate between the types of sources and adapt the reference.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<div class='avia-data-table-wrap av-c2e60iof-e3e8afaf56cad97118ce7ab50ee5e49c avia_responsive_table avia-table-2'><table  class='avia-table avia-data-table avia_pricing_default  avia-builder-el-48  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Table\" ><tbody><tr class='avia-heading-row'><th class='avia-highlight-col'>Source<\/th><th class='avia-highlight-col'>In-text (citation)<\/th><th class='avia-highlight-col'>In-text (quotation)<\/th><th class='avia-highlight-col'>Reference (reference list)<\/th><\/tr><tr class=''><td class='avia-highlight-col'>Book, monography <\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>(Last name publication year)<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>(Last name publication year: page number)<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>Last name, Initial(s). (year of publication) <i>Title of the book<\/i>. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher.<\/td><\/tr><tr class=''><td class='avia-highlight-col'>Chapter or part in an edited book<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>(Last name publication year)<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>(Last name publication year: page number)<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>Chapter Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year) &#8216;Title of chapter&#8217;, in Editor(s) Surname, Editor(s) Initial. (ed. or eds.) <i>Title of book<\/i>. Edition (if not first). Place of publication: Publisher, Page numbers.<\/td><\/tr><tr class=''><td class='avia-highlight-col'>Journal article<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>(Last name publication year)<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>(Last name publication year: page number)<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>Author of article Surname, Initial(s). (Year) &#8216;Title of article&#8217;, Title of <i>Journal<\/i>, Volume(Issue), Page range.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><style type='text\/css'>.avia-table-2 td:nth-of-type(1):before { content: 'Source'; } .avia-table-2 td:nth-of-type(2):before { content: 'In-text (citation)'; } .avia-table-2 td:nth-of-type(3):before { content: 'In-text (quotation)'; } .avia-table-2 td:nth-of-type(4):before { content: 'Reference (reference list)'; } <\/style><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-lnoknmd5-e854cf9828ec769d916ea07d41361b23 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>You can also implement the reference into your text by using the <strong>author as a subject<\/strong>: Author (publication year: page number) says\u2026<\/p>\n<p>If there are\u00a0<strong>two authors<\/strong>\u00a0in a book, you mention both with\u00a0<strong>\/ or &amp;<\/strong>.\u00a0 For example: (Last name \/ last name publication year: page number) or Last name, first name \/ last name, first name (publication year), title, edition, publication place.<\/p>\n<p>If there are more than two authors, you only list the first author and then write <strong>\u201cet al\u201d.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Here is an example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reference (list of references):Thaine, Craig (2012), Cambridge Academic English. 1st\u00a0ed. Vienna.<\/li>\n<li>In-text (citation): (see Thaine 2012)<\/li>\n<li>In-text (quote): (Thaine 2012: p.15)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div><div  class='hr av-9fj7smkv-b69ef75601082ba989facc35398af082 hr-short  avia-builder-el-50  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_one_full  hr-left'><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div  class='flex_column av-xa3z8wf-eda727faf4f8a0277fb94b055fe53fc4 av_one_full  avia-builder-el-51  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_hr  first flex_column_div  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-lnokqa70-4e07af99a44462ae6cac6baed49acdae '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h3>Chicago Manual of Style: \u201cNotes and Bibliography\u201d and \u201cAuthor-Date\u201d<\/h3>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chicagomanualofstyle.org\/tools_citationguide.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chicago Manual of Style<\/a> offers two different citation styles, namely the notes and bibliography system and the author-date style. We will show you how to use both styles.<\/p>\n<p>The <strong>notes and bibliography system<\/strong> is often used in the humanities, inter alia literature, history and the arts. This style uses numbered footnotes or endnotes and includes a separate bibliography at the end of the text. This citation style\u2019s advantage is that it accommodates a wide variety of sources and does not disrupt the text with in-text citations.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<div class='avia-data-table-wrap av-947ypez3-20fc317a7763f735802c9f35828977fd avia_responsive_table avia-table-3'><table  class='avia-table avia-data-table avia_pricing_default  avia-builder-el-53  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Table\" ><tbody><tr class='avia-heading-row'><th class='avia-highlight-col'>Source<\/th><th class='avia-highlight-col'>Note<\/th><th class='avia-highlight-col'>Shortened note<\/th><th class='avia-highlight-col'>Bibliography<\/th><\/tr><tr class=''><td class='avia-highlight-col'>Book, monography<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>1 First Name Last Name, Title (in italics) (city of publication: publishing company, year of publishing), page(s).<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>2 Last Name, Title (in italics), Pages<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>Author last name, first name. <i>Title of Book<\/i>. Place of publication: publisher, year.<\/td><\/tr><tr class=''><td class='avia-highlight-col'>Chapter or part in an edited book<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>1 First Name Last Name, \u201cTitle of the chapter\u201d. In Title of the edited book (in italics), edited by first and last name, pages. City of publication: publishing company, year of publishing.<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>2 Last Name, \u201cTitle\u201d, Pages<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>Last Name First Name. \u201cTitle of the chapter\u201d. In <i>Title of the edited book<\/i>, edited by first and last name, pages. City of publication: publishing company, year of publishing.<\/td><\/tr><tr class=''><td class='avia-highlight-col'>Journal article<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>1 First Name Last Name, \u201cTitle of the article\u201d, Title of the journal (in italics), issue number, volume number (month year): pages.<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>2 Last Name, \u201cTitle\u201d, Pages<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>Author first name last name, \u201cTitle of Article,\u201d <i>Name of Journal<\/i> volume, no. issue (month and year): page number(s). DOI if applicable.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><style type='text\/css'>.avia-table-3 td:nth-of-type(1):before { content: 'Source'; } .avia-table-3 td:nth-of-type(2):before { content: 'Note'; } .avia-table-3 td:nth-of-type(3):before { content: 'Shortened note'; } .avia-table-3 td:nth-of-type(4):before { content: 'Bibliography'; } <\/style><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-lnokqp8q-19c8a6dbc0b8abd69b113da8d44c88d1 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>The <strong>author-date citation style<\/strong> is more common in the sciences and social sciences. This system relies on in-text citations with the author\u2019s name and year of publication in parenthesis, which then refer to the source with all its bibliographic information in the reference list.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<div class='avia-data-table-wrap av-av_table-50e186637ed9ed16c605214627a3a44d avia_responsive_table avia-table-4'><table  class='avia-table avia-data-table avia_pricing_default  avia-builder-el-55  el_after_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-last '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Table\" ><tbody><tr class='avia-heading-row'><th class='avia-highlight-col'>Source<\/th><th class='avia-highlight-col'>In-text (citation)<\/th><th class='avia-highlight-col'>In-text (quotation)<\/th><th class='avia-highlight-col'>Reference (reference list)<\/th><\/tr><tr class=''><td class='avia-highlight-col'>Book, monography<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>(Last name year of publication)<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>(Last name year of publication, pages)<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>Last name, first name. Year of Publication. <i>Title of Book<\/i>. Place of publication: publisher.<\/td><\/tr><tr class=''><td class='avia-highlight-col'>Chapter or part in an edited book<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>(Last name year of publication)<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>(Last name year of publication, pages)<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>Last name, first name. Publication year. \u201cTitle. Subtitle\u201d. In <i>Title of the book<\/i> edited by first and last name, Pages. Publisher\u2019s place: publisher.<\/td><\/tr><tr class=''><td class='avia-highlight-col'>Journal article<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>(Last name year of publication)<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>(Last name year of publication, pages)<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>Last name, first name. Year. \u201cTitle of Article\u201d. <i>Name of Journal<\/i> volume, no. issue (month and year): page number(s). DOI if applicable.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><style type='text\/css'>.avia-table-4 td:nth-of-type(1):before { content: 'Source'; } .avia-table-4 td:nth-of-type(2):before { content: 'In-text (citation)'; } .avia-table-4 td:nth-of-type(3):before { content: 'In-text (quotation)'; } .avia-table-4 td:nth-of-type(4):before { content: 'Reference (reference list)'; } <\/style><\/p><\/div><div  class='hr av-6hwj10pb-8c05578a87fab2258e7ca121e21de1d6 hr-short  avia-builder-el-56  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_one_full  hr-left'><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div  class='flex_column av-6di54o7j-6785ff7cf9c68e5d9746d269cdd2f889 av_one_full  avia-builder-el-57  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_hr  first flex_column_div  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-lnoksvp6-4fce70391d3fbf700358a21aaed038ff '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 id=\"Overview: Key abbreviations\">Overview: Key abbreviations<\/h2>\n<p>There are a few common abbreviations that you are going to come across during your academic writing project. Here is a short list:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<div class='avia-data-table-wrap av-6913yyxb-59e98fff9b6ef9e492fad6ccbff820dc avia_responsive_table avia-table-5'><table  class='avia-table avia-data-table avia_pricing_default  avia-builder-el-59  el_after_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-last '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Table\" ><tbody><tr class='avia-heading-row'><th class='avia-highlight-col'>Abbreviation<\/th><th class='avia-highlight-col'>stands for<\/th><th class='avia-highlight-col'>Explanation<\/th><\/tr><tr class=''><td class='avia-highlight-col'>DOI<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>Digital Object Identifier<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>This number refers to literary work (usually academic work) on the Internet.<\/td><\/tr><tr class=''><td class='avia-highlight-col'>ed. <\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>Edition<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>Indicate which edition of a book you used as a reference. (example: 4th ed.)<\/td><\/tr><tr class=''><td class='avia-highlight-col'>Ed. or Eds.<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>Editor(s)<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>Mark the editors of a book with Ed.\/Eds. In parenthesis after their name(s). <\/td><\/tr><tr class=''><td class='avia-highlight-col'>et al.<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>\u201eand others\u201c (lat: et alii)<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>If there are more than two authors, you only mention the first author and add \u201eet al.\u201d for in-text citations.<\/td><\/tr><tr class=''><td class='avia-highlight-col'>Ibid.<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>\u201ethe same place\u201c (lat: ibidem)<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>If you use the same source repeatedly, you can use (ibid.) after the first mention.<\/td><\/tr><tr class=''><td class='avia-highlight-col'>p.<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>page number<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>If you refer to one particular page in your source material (e.g. for a quotation), add the page number.<\/td><\/tr><tr class=''><td class='avia-highlight-col'>pp.<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>on these pages<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>If a quotation refers to several pages in your source text, then you indicate this by adding pp and then the numbers. <\/td><\/tr><tr class=''><td class='avia-highlight-col'>s.a. or n.d.<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>sine anno \/ no date<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>If you don\u2019t have the publication date, indicate this by adding s.a. or n.d.<\/td><\/tr><tr class=''><td class='avia-highlight-col'>s.l.<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>sine loco<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>If you don\u2019t know where a book was published, use the abbreviation s.l. <\/td><\/tr><tr class=''><td class='avia-highlight-col'>[sic]<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>\u201eso it was written\u201c (lat. sic erat scriptum)<\/td><td class='avia-highlight-col'>If there are spelling mistakes, formatting mistakes or other mistakes in your quotation, then you can indicate this to your readers by adding [sic], which means it was written like this in the original.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><style type='text\/css'>.avia-table-5 td:nth-of-type(1):before { content: 'Abbreviation'; } .avia-table-5 td:nth-of-type(2):before { content: 'stands for'; } .avia-table-5 td:nth-of-type(3):before { content: 'Explanation'; } <\/style><\/p><\/div><div  class='hr av-c5l3o7j-823eee338a96a67f3c44115d423d6c7b hr-short  avia-builder-el-60  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_one_full  hr-left'><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div  class='flex_column av-521dopb-e80ee21e04b0bbef408f45bd620e9ba2 av_one_full  avia-builder-el-61  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_hr  first flex_column_div  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-lnokyfjj-c1fefdcfc4c4a34b1e49957c0d01785a '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 id=\"Avoiding plagiarism: What to keep in mind?\">Avoiding plagiarism: What to keep in mind?<\/h2>\n<p>Plagiarism refers to the practice of <strong>taking someone else&#8217;s work or ideas<\/strong> and passing them off as one&#8217;s own. If you use quotations or citations in your own work without quoting those correctly, you steal somebody else\u2019s intellectual property. This can result in a series of consequences: minus points, a worse grade, an \u201cF\u201d on your work or the retraction of your academic title.<\/p>\n<p><strong>How can you avoid plagiarism? <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Whenever you use ideas from somebody else\u2019s work by paraphrasing, summarising or using it otherwise, you need to indicate this as a citation.<\/li>\n<li>Use quotations (including an in-text reference) for telling text passages that you quote word-for-word.<\/li>\n<li>Add all your sources to your list of references!<\/li>\n<li>Before you hand in your work, use a software to check for plagiarism. This programme checks for text passages from other works that you didn\u2019t cite correctly.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><div  class='hr av-67ddri-129-3a4feee9467f98c445d91595d79d8fa0 hr-short  avia-builder-el-63  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_textblock  hr-left'><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-jy4ae4sq-128-388a392afb0ea00220e05773b25283a6 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 id=\"How to quote: STUWO bonus tips\">How to quote: STUWO bonus tips<\/h2>\n<p>There are many free\u00a0<strong>citation management programmes<\/strong>\u00a0that do all the citation work for you. You only have to put the book or bibliographical information into the programme and then it produces the perfect short in-text citations and full-length reference list entries in your preferred citation style.<\/p>\n<p>It\u2019s best to use the tool \u201c<strong>Create reference list<\/strong>\u201d in word and other text programmes. This way your reference list is uniform.<\/p>\n<p>Many university libraries and online publishers have the tool \u201c<strong>Cite as<\/strong>\u201d, where you can choose your citation style and then they create the appropriate reference for the chosen book.<\/p>\n<p>And our last tip:\u00a0<strong>Cite as you write<\/strong>! As soon as you have written a quotation or citation, add the correct in-text citation and the according full-length reference at the end. It will take forever and be flawed if you only add all the citations after having written the paper.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-67ddri-127-08a912f802da99a335c4aef6f033c621 hr-short  avia-builder-el-65  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock  hr-center'><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-jy4ae4sq-126-a66a3e9604729a30304db6fa45487ed5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Hopefully, you can tackle your academic or seminar paper confidently with this guide. We recommend the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/en\/blog\/pomodoro-technique\/\">pomodoro technique<\/a>\u00a0for a perfect time management, so that you finish paper in time. Enjoy writing!<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-jtkaeqc6-39f2be0b15b578b61b6c34ef0d9581a0\">\n.avia-section.av-jtkaeqc6-39f2be0b15b578b61b6c34ef0d9581a0{\nbackground-repeat:no-repeat;\nbackground-image:url(https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/2000x600px_2b-1500x430.jpg);\nbackground-position:50% 50%;\nbackground-attachment:fixed;\n}\n.avia-section.av-jtkaeqc6-39f2be0b15b578b61b6c34ef0d9581a0 .av-section-color-overlay{\nopacity:0.4;\nbackground-color:#000000;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div id='kontakt-fullscreen'  class='avia-section av-jtkaeqc6-39f2be0b15b578b61b6c34ef0d9581a0 alternate_color avia-section-huge avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-67  el_after_av_section  avia-builder-el-last  avia-full-stretch avia-bg-style-fixed av-section-color-overlay-active container_wrap sidebar_right'  data-section-bg-repeat='stretch'><div class=\"av-section-color-overlay-wrap\"><div class=\"av-section-color-overlay\"><\/div><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-small alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-162203'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ddnct-5808f882b4da4842ba9b215ef4df32b5\">\n.flex_column.av-ddnct-5808f882b4da4842ba9b215ef4df32b5{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-ddnct-5808f882b4da4842ba9b215ef4df32b5 av_one_full  avia-builder-el-68  el_before_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-52zwjbf-8a7148afb721bb06980e3ba35f96a592\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-52zwjbf-8a7148afb721bb06980e3ba35f96a592{\npadding-bottom:20px;\ncolor:#ffffff;\nfont-size:40px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-52zwjbf-8a7148afb721bb06980e3ba35f96a592 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-52zwjbf-8a7148afb721bb06980e3ba35f96a592 .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:40px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-52zwjbf-8a7148afb721bb06980e3ba35f96a592 .special-heading-inner-border{\nborder-color:#ffffff;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-52zwjbf-8a7148afb721bb06980e3ba35f96a592 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n\n@media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-52zwjbf-8a7148afb721bb06980e3ba35f96a592 .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n\n@media only screen and (max-width: 479px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-52zwjbf-8a7148afb721bb06980e3ba35f96a592 .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-52zwjbf-8a7148afb721bb06980e3ba35f96a592 av-special-heading-h5 custom-color-heading blockquote modern-quote modern-centered  avia-builder-el-69  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first  av-inherit-size'><h5 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Questions?<\/h5><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-jtkaj00e-2d40e587eccebc1e3a79008631e81e5a\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-jtkaj00e-2d40e587eccebc1e3a79008631e81e5a .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:18px;\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-jtkaj00e-2d40e587eccebc1e3a79008631e81e5a '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock av_inherit_color'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: center;\">We are happy to help!<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ddnct-125-ccdd3aad8de391f381aee7c60db9b630\">\n.flex_column.av-ddnct-125-ccdd3aad8de391f381aee7c60db9b630{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-ddnct-125-ccdd3aad8de391f381aee7c60db9b630 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-71  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_one_half  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  column-top-margin'     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-jvnrncc6-754a1f6f0e984e58cce13dd04c03ae02\">\n.iconbox.av-jvnrncc6-754a1f6f0e984e58cce13dd04c03ae02 .iconbox_icon{\nborder:1px solid #ffffff;\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n#top #wrap_all .iconbox.av-jvnrncc6-754a1f6f0e984e58cce13dd04c03ae02 .iconbox_content_title{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n.iconbox.av-jvnrncc6-754a1f6f0e984e58cce13dd04c03ae02 .iconbox_content_container{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<article  class='iconbox iconbox_top av-jvnrncc6-754a1f6f0e984e58cce13dd04c03ae02 av-no-box  avia-builder-el-72  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class=\"iconbox_content\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:info@stuwo.at&quot;&gt;info@stuwo.at&lt;\/a&gt;\"><div class=\"iconbox_icon heading-color\" aria-hidden='true' data-av_icon='\ue805' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'><\/div><h3 class='iconbox_content_title '  itemprop=\"headline\" ><a href=\"mailto:info@stuwo.at\">info@stuwo.at<\/a><\/h3><\/header><div class='iconbox_content_container av_inherit_color'  itemprop=\"text\" ><\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ddnct-124-314c47b36b91db19604914a20e19051a\">\n.flex_column.av-ddnct-124-314c47b36b91db19604914a20e19051a{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-ddnct-124-314c47b36b91db19604914a20e19051a av_one_half  avia-builder-el-73  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_hr  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  column-top-margin'     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-jvnrncc6-123-99eb4450319632e6ff3624fcc92a5a2e\">\n.iconbox.av-jvnrncc6-123-99eb4450319632e6ff3624fcc92a5a2e .iconbox_icon{\nborder:1px solid #ffffff;\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n#top #wrap_all .iconbox.av-jvnrncc6-123-99eb4450319632e6ff3624fcc92a5a2e .iconbox_content_title{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n.iconbox.av-jvnrncc6-123-99eb4450319632e6ff3624fcc92a5a2e .iconbox_content_container{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<article  class='iconbox iconbox_top av-jvnrncc6-123-99eb4450319632e6ff3624fcc92a5a2e av-no-box  avia-builder-el-74  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class=\"iconbox_content\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: &lt;a href=&quot;tel:+43140493618&quot;&gt;+43 1 40493 618&lt;\/a&gt;\"><div class=\"iconbox_icon heading-color\" aria-hidden='true' data-av_icon='\ue854' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'><\/div><h3 class='iconbox_content_title '  itemprop=\"headline\" ><a href=\"tel:+43140493618\">+43 1 40493 618<\/a><\/h3><\/header><div class='iconbox_content_container av_inherit_color'  itemprop=\"text\" ><\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-jtn837dc-0d0e69cd9907c8ff29e03b92bcc44d9e\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-jtn837dc-0d0e69cd9907c8ff29e03b92bcc44d9e{\nheight:50px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-jtn837dc-0d0e69cd9907c8ff29e03b92bcc44d9e hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-75  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_full '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ddnct-122-e2551ff8f2c63a77468a6c8f52d5b919\">\n.flex_column.av-ddnct-122-e2551ff8f2c63a77468a6c8f52d5b919{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-ddnct-122-e2551ff8f2c63a77468a6c8f52d5b919 av_one_full  avia-builder-el-76  el_after_av_hr  avia-builder-el-last  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  '     ><div  class='avia-button-wrap av-jtkakvoy-0a68e4bdd1c4ddbe735626e69c1c399d-wrap avia-button-center  avia-builder-el-77  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-jtkakvoy-0a68e4bdd1c4ddbe735626e69c1c399d\">\n#top #wrap_all .avia-button.av-jtkakvoy-0a68e4bdd1c4ddbe735626e69c1c399d{\nbackground-color:#ff913d;\nborder-color:#ff913d;\ncolor:#ffffff;\ntransition:all 0.4s ease-in-out;\n}\n<\/style>\n<a href='https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/en\/application\/'  class='avia-button av-jtkakvoy-0a68e4bdd1c4ddbe735626e69c1c399d av-link-btn avia-icon_select-yes-right-icon avia-size-x-large avia-position-center av-icon-on-hover'   aria-label=\"Apply now\"><span class='avia_iconbox_title' >Apply now<\/span><span class='avia_button_icon avia_button_icon_right' aria-hidden='true' data-av_icon='\ue875' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'><\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id='after_section_2'  class='main_color av_default_container_wrap container_wrap sidebar_right'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-small alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-162203'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":29,"featured_media":162194,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[60],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-162203","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-student-life"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>How to quote correctly: A guide for students (with examples)<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Are you working on a research paper but unsure about citation? \u27a9 Find all the information on citation styles &amp; source references in our citation guide!\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/en\/blog\/how-to-quote-correctly\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How to quote correctly: A guide for students (with examples)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Are you working on a research paper but unsure about citation? \u27a9 Find all the information on citation styles &amp; source references in our citation guide!\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/en\/blog\/how-to-quote-correctly\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"STUWO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/stuwostudent\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-10-19T06:00:38+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-05-04T17:23:42+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/STUWO-Richtig-Zitieren-1030x687.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1030\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"687\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Kerstin Lakits\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Kerstin Lakits\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"16 minutes\" \/>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"How to quote correctly: A guide for students (with examples)","description":"Are you working on a research paper but unsure about citation? \u27a9 Find all the information on citation styles & source references in our citation guide!","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/en\/blog\/how-to-quote-correctly\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"How to quote correctly: A guide for students (with examples)","og_description":"Are you working on a research paper but unsure about citation? \u27a9 Find all the information on citation styles & source references in our citation guide!","og_url":"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/en\/blog\/how-to-quote-correctly\/","og_site_name":"STUWO","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/stuwostudent","article_published_time":"2023-10-19T06:00:38+00:00","article_modified_time":"2025-05-04T17:23:42+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1030,"height":687,"url":"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/STUWO-Richtig-Zitieren-1030x687.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Kerstin Lakits","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Kerstin Lakits","Est. reading time":"16 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/en\/blog\/how-to-quote-correctly\/","url":"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/en\/blog\/how-to-quote-correctly\/","name":"How to quote correctly: A guide for students (with examples)","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/en\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/en\/blog\/how-to-quote-correctly\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/en\/blog\/how-to-quote-correctly\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/STUWO-Richtig-Zitieren.jpg","datePublished":"2023-10-19T06:00:38+00:00","dateModified":"2025-05-04T17:23:42+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/2de6c06895fabad0817248ee634198ab"},"description":"Are you working on a research paper but unsure about citation? \u27a9 Find all the information on citation styles & source references in our citation guide!","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/en\/blog\/how-to-quote-correctly\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/en\/blog\/how-to-quote-correctly\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/en\/blog\/how-to-quote-correctly\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/STUWO-Richtig-Zitieren.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/STUWO-Richtig-Zitieren.jpg","width":2560,"height":1707},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/en\/blog\/how-to-quote-correctly\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Startseite","item":"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/en\/homepage-stuwo\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"How to quote correctly: All information on citation styles &#038; source references at a glance"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/en\/","name":"STUWO","description":"Modern wohnen in Studentenheimen der STUWO","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/2de6c06895fabad0817248ee634198ab","name":"Kerstin Lakits","description":"Kerstin studiert Translation in Wien, liebt B\u00fccher und Sport und verbringt gerne Zeit in der Natur. Ein spannendes Highlight ihrer bisherigen Studienzeit war ein Auslandssemester in Belgien.","url":"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/en\/blog\/author\/kerstin-lakits\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/162203","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/29"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=162203"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/162203\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":171131,"href":"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/162203\/revisions\/171131"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/162194"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=162203"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=162203"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.stuwo.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=162203"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}